News Item

News item is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Is structure is:

• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Simple Present Tense

The simple present or present simple is one of the two present tenses used in modern English, the other being Present continuous.
There two kinds of simple present tense :

Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now.
( time future).
Positive Tenses

Introductory It

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the cubject position in the sentence. thus, it is called introductory “it”.

Introductory “it” as a subject:
A : To watch musical programs is pleasent.
B : It is pleasent to Watch musical program
Introductory it with seem, appear and look

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase with a gerund ini t or a clause.

Asking if Someone Remember or not

Formal expressions:
Ø I wonder if you remember.....
Ø You remember...., don’t you?
Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
Ø Don’t you remember.....?
Ø Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

Preposition In, On, and At

In preposition of time We use:
•at for a PRECISE TIME
•in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
•on for DAYS and DATES
at in on

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase (NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.

 This means that one noun or pronoun can be grammatically functioned as NP.

 For the NP modifer, there are 2 kinds considering by its position:

 1. pre-modifier (modifier which is placed before the noun)

 2. post-modifier (modifier which is placed after the noun)

 The NP pattern is simple in normal sentence and imperative mood, but it’s much harder in question form with inversion.

Invitation (Written)

Invitations is a request to somebody to do something or go somewhere. in a invitation , there are the date, time and place of the event. Sometimes there is also R.S.V.P which means “please reply”.

Finite Verb

Definition of Finite verb

1.Also called a main verb

2.A verb that has a subject

3.A verb that shows tense, person, and number

4.Can be the main verb in a sentence

Moods in Finite Verb

1).Indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs)

Example : The tea is hot.

2).Imperative mood (giving a command)

Example : Make the tea hot.

3).Subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence)

Example :If the tea was hot, I would drink it.

Surprises and Disbelief

Surprises :

A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know/ hear/ see something that rather difficult to believe. Used to express something that wa can not or impossible.

Disbelief :

A state of the mind

Modals in The Past Form

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.

When do we use modals ?

1.     To talk about someone’s ability (or inability) to do something.

Example        :     

Ø We can find your house without the street plan.

Ø She can’t have a daughter that old !

2.     To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible or not necessary)

Example        :

Asking for Information

Asking for information is one way of communicating the purpose of obtaining or asking for information person unknown.

Indicator :

Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. It’s purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

1.Identification

2.Identifying the phenomenon to be describe.

3.Description

4.Describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or and characteristics.

Vocabs : Shapes and Part's of Body

Shapes : shapes are all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are                   filtered out from an object.

Example of Shapes

Example of Part's of Body

Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrases is a preposition and the noun following it. The preposition is in the head position and the noun is in the complement position. Please note that prepositions are words such as in, from, to, etc. Used before a noun or a pronoun to show a place, a position, time or a method.

Here are other examples of prepositional phrases

Recount Text

Recount Text is a text which retells events or experiences in the past.  Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience.

Generic Stucture :

Sympathy Expression

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (sms),e-mail,television,radio,and news paper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Here are some expressions we can use to show our sympathy?

Procedure Text

HOW TO MAKE MEATBALLS

Ingredients       :

·       1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)

·       2 eggs

·       300 gr of tapioca-flour

·       4-8 cloves of garlic

·       1 red onion

·       1 teaspoon of white pepper

·       2 teaspoons of salt

The steps to make meatballs  :

Greetings

Greetings is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other member of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to eachother,to show attention to,and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.

Greetings are often,but not always,used just prior to a conversation.

Present Tense

In English the present tense or simple present tense is used to declare events activities, activity and so is the case today. Present tense is also used to express a fact or something that occurs repeatedly in the present

Perfect Tense

     Is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too ; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before that other event or action happened.

Narrative Text

Narrative text is text to entertain, to gain, and hold readers interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion. Narrative is a text focusing specific participants. It’s social function is to tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.

Invitation

Invitations is a request to somebody to do something or go somewhere. in a invitation , there are the date, time and place of the event. Sometimes there is also R.S.V.P which means “please reply”

Type of invitation

Happiness Expression

Definition :

Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What is happiness ?

Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The diference between request and instruction.

Instruction (also called imperative)

                Instruction require the person receiving them to do something or to do stop doing it. Instruction are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction,the “naming” from-the vocative is used.

Gaining Attention

Definition    :

Gaining attention is a way or expression that isspoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to. Gaining attention,use simple present tense and we give attention or affection to people.

Appointment

Arrangement for meeting prearranged meeting. Appointment is the appointment of a promise.

Here are some expressions we can use to make and accept an appointment.

Announcements

Announcements is something said, written, or printed to make know what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement , keep the following points :

Advertisement

Information for persuading and motivation people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed. For these purpose messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including, television, radio, movies, magazines, newspaper, video games, internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company.